Louis Kahn and Affordable Housing in Israel

Combining the subject of two recent posts, Louis Kahn and Cheap Housing in Israel, it is interesting to note that Louis Kahn was one of the architects who first addressed the problems of cheap housing for immigrants in Israel. In 1949 the Palestine Economic Corporation (PEC) invited 20 individuals, including Kahn, to a meeting in which the Israel Housing Survey Committee was formed. 400,000 houses would be needed to be built in the State's first decade at low cost. Kahn had been involved in affordable housing in the States and volunteered to help out. This spoke to Kahn's humanitarian side:

"Israel's housing crisis...offered an opportunity for an architect to alleviate human suffering and provide support for the emergence of a new, utopian socity. News of the staggering number of refugees coming to Israel must have been especially overwhelming, even shocking, to someone who had not been deeply enmeshed in the Jewish social-service world." (Susan Solomon, Louis I. Kahn's Trenton Jewish Community Center)

Kahn explored different technologies and felt that Israel could become a center for the prefabricated steel housing industry, supplying the whole Near East, while at the same time solving its own housing problems. He suggested using vacuum-formed concrete to cut down on the curing time.

Kahn's design for prefab housing in Israel looks similar to the British structures in Rosh Ha'ayin, and is far from the traditional-looking houses of Amidar. In this light, it is interesting to note that some of the British buildings in Rosh Ha'ayin are today being used for residential purposes.

Louis Kahn, Ruins, and the Hurva

Louis Kahn, one of the most influential architects of the last generation, was heavily influenced by ruins. His career blossomed after he spent four months during his fifties in Rome, where he studied the great ruins of the ancient world and decided that they would henceforth inspire his work. This process culminated with an unbuilt project of his - the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem, which occupies a singular place in the collective ruin-loving mind of Israel.

In the fascinating book, Louis I. Kahn: Unbuilt Masterworks, Kent Larson explores this connection as he virtually recreates this unfinished project. The book examines two of Kahn's obsessions: sunlight and ruins. Kahn used his architecture to filter light. In his unbuilt U.S. Consulate in Luanda, Angola, he wrote that he was faced with the problem of controlling the harsh African sun.

"So therefore I thought of the beauty of ruins...of things which nothing lives behind...and so I thought of wrapping ruins around buildings; you might say encasing a building in a ruin so that you look through the wall which has its apertures as if by accident...I felt this would be an answer to the glare problem." (Interview, Perspecta 7 (1961); 9-18)

These were not, of course, literal ruins, but they do demonstrate a certain mode of thinking about ruins and their potential architectural uses.

Kahn's commission for the Hurva Synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem was a

"An extraordinary opportunity to express his most deeply felt ideas about architecture. This was his chance to build the great Jewish monument at the religious center of the new Jewish state...In addition, Hurva was Kahn's first and only opportunity to build in the context of ancient ruins." (Larson, p129)

For the first (and third) iteration of this project, Kahn employed 16 massive "ruin" piers along the perimeter. These piers, though intended to mimic the temple, look similar to the Temple at Luxor. Larson writes that "The pylons are both the sun walls and the ruins of Hurva." In the third iteration, Kahn incorporated a memorial garden built around the ruins of the old Hurva. This was an attempt to juxtapose the new synagogue with the ruins, keeping it separate but with an homage to the past.





















Kahn once said that

"In every thing that nature makes, nature records how it was made. In the rock is a record of how the rock was made. In man is the record of how man was made."(Kahn, quoted in Between Silence and Light by John Lobell)

In the context of ruins, this makes absolute sense. Ruins are records of nature's intervention in a building. Preserving a ruin acknowledges this history and maintains that record, teaching us about the history of the site and about nature.